CASE REPORT
Orthodontic Movement into a Bone Defect Augmented with a Heterologous Graft
Bony defects can present challenges in the orthodontic treatment of adult patients.1,2 Some studies have indicated that orthodontic movement into an intraosseous defect has no beneficial effect on tissue levels,3,4 while others show that attachment is possible with orthodontic movement into a site where tissue has been repaired.5,6 Depending on the amount of periodontal resorption, regenerative procedures to restore adequate bone volume before orthodontic movement can make attachment possible.7,8
This case report describes the hybrid treatment of a patient with a severe bone defect at the lower left second molar using a heterologous Bio-Oss* graft made from bovine bone matrix, followed by attempted orthodontic mesialization of the adjacent third molar.
Diagnosis and Treatment Plan
A 43-year-old male with the chief complaint of moderate crowding in the mandibular arch sought esthetic orthodontic treatment (Fig. 1). He presented a Class I skeletal pattern (ANB = 2°, Wits appraisal = –2mm) with bilateral Class I molar and canine relationships and a high-angle vertical pattern (GoGn-SN = 41°).
In the initial periapical x-rays, severe bone resorption was evident around the distal root of the lower left second molar, which had previously been treated with a rhizotomy of the mesial root. The lower left third molar showed a mesial bone peak without pathological findings on probing.9 Because of the extent of bone resorption, we decided to extract the lower left second molar and move the lower left third molar mesially into the extraction space. Regenerative procedures would be needed to restore the alveolar bone to a volume capable of receiving the mesialized third molar. The anterior crowding would be addressed with clear aligners** and interproximal reduction.
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Fig. 1 43-year-old male patient with moderate lower crowding and severe bone resorption around distal root of lower left second molar before treatment.
Treatment Progress
During the surgical procedure for removal of the lower left second molar, a graft covered with resorbable membrane was applied. Eight months later, clear aligner therapy was initiated to align and coordinate the arches.10,11 A fixed orthodontic auxiliary, consisting of two .018" preadjusted brackets*** with a sectional .016" stainless steel wire and an elastomeric chain, was installed to close the space of the lower left second molar (Fig. 2). Anterior anchorage was provided by the aligners, which were cut off distal to the lower left first molar. The elastomeric chain was changed monthly.
Fig. 2 Fixed auxiliary using two .018" brackets,*** .016" stainless steel wire, and elastomeric chain to mesialize lower left third molar, with clear aligner** serving as anterior anchorage.
After eight months, the anterior alignment had improved, but the lower left third molar had not moved sufficiently. The anchorage design and the mechanics were therefore modified (Fig. 3) to include splints from the lower right canine to the lower left canine (on the lingual side) and from the lower left canine to the lower left first molar (on the buccal side).
Fig. 3 Modified anchorage design after eight months of treatment, with splints added from lower right to lower left canine (on lingual side) and from lower left canine to lower left first molar (on buccal side).
Still, we observed that anchorage was being lost and the extraction space was not closing. The molar mesialization was stopped two months after placement of the modified auxiliary.
The x-ray taken at this point revealed that the graft had been an absolute obstacle to the movement of the lower left third molar, which showed severe signs of resorption on the mesial root adjacent to the grafted area (Fig. 4). The graft seemed to have acted in the same way as an implant ankylosed in the bone.
Fig. 4 Mesialization of lower left third molar stopped after 10 months of treatment, with graft acting as obstacle.
The vitality of the lower left third molar was monitored over time. Twenty-one months after the surgery, we noted a relapse of the loss of anchorage on the left side, with a slight improvement of the intercuspation. A composite build-up was then placed on the lower left first molar to create a contact point with the lower left third molar (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 After 21 months, composite build-up placed on lower left first molar to create contact point with third molar.
Treatment Results
Seven years later, the result was stable (Fig. 6). The lower left third molar maintained its pulp sensitivity during a cold test, and probing revealed no periodontal pathology.
Discussion
Among all the types of grafts reported in the literature,12 the only one with all the biological characteristics of osteoconductivity, osteogenicity, osteointegration, and osteoinductivity13-16 is the autologous graft.17-21 Disadvantages of this procedure are that it requires an additional surgery site, involves more chairtime, carries a greater risk of morbidity, and implies a higher biological cost. Other common types are heterologous grafts (as used in this case)12; homologous grafts, such as bank bone in fresh, frozen, demineralized, or cryopreserved form23,24; and biocompatible synthetic materials.12,25
Several authors have reported the possibility of directly moving teeth into postextraction alveoli and restoring adequate bone height, provided that light forces were used and adequate oral hygiene was maintained.26 Prior placement of a bone graft gives the alveolus better bone architecture and quality, however, with a lower risk of gingival recession.1,5
Hossain and colleagues analyzed orthodontic movement within autologous bone grafts (particulate marrow and cancellous bone) and beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramics in beagle dogs, finding less bone resorption and better biological response in the beta-tricalcium phosphate regions.27 Machibya and colleagues evaluated the behavior of xenografts (Bio-Oss) and alloplasts (beta-tricalcium phosphate) in beagles, observing favorable radiological characteristics (higher alveolar bone levels and bone density) in the Bio-Oss group, but faster tooth movement in the beta-tricalcium phosphate group.28 Bio-Oss grafting in beagles was also evaluated by Araújo and colleagues, who concluded not only that dental movement was possible, but also that the Bio-Oss had been reabsorbed in the areas affected by dental movement and had remained as inactive filler material in the other areas.29
Ahn and colleagues studied orthodontic movement at zero, two, and 12 weeks after surgery in beagles treated with alveolar osteotomy alone or osteotomy with a bone graft.30 The bone graft in the surgical defect allowed immediate force application for accelerated orthodontic tooth movement with favorable periodontal regeneration, while reducing the risk of inhibited tooth movement in cases of delayed force application after surgery.30 Oltremari and colleagues, in a study of minipigs, concluded that teeth can be moved into areas of bone defects previously filled with bovine bone matrix xenografts.31
The root resorption in the present case would not have been expected based on the studies listed above. In our patient, however, the orthodontic movement was initiated eight months after grafting—in contrast with the study by Ahn and colleagues, where it was delayed by a maximum of 12 weeks.30 Supporting this conclusion, Klein and colleagues, in a mouse study, found that the lack of resorption of bovine bone xenografts renders them inadequate for orthodontic tooth movement at a later stage.32 The same group of authors later published a study comparing allografts and beta-tricalcium phosphates, again in mice: both induced full, normal healing but hindered orthodontic tooth movement into the regenerated sites.33
There are few clinical reports of orthodontic tooth movement into grafted areas. Vitral and colleagues showed an enhancement of dental movement six months after autologous sinus grafting.34 Ruellas and colleagues35 and Nemcovsky and colleagues5 reported positive results from orthodontic movement within bone-bank allografts. In a study by Nagy and colleagues, histological evaluation showed greater bone neoformation in cases treated with deproteinized bovine-bone mineral grafts and early orthodontic movement, compared to those without orthodontic treatment, but the resorption of the grafts was only partial.36 Re and colleagues37 and Cardaropoli and colleagues38 presented cases in which early orthodontic movement (10-14 days) followed periodontal treatment with Bio-Oss and Tissucol,† respectively, producing no detrimental effects. Carvalho and colleagues described orthodontic movement into the region of a bone defect using an allograft with guided tissue regeneration and a nonresorbable membrane, but they emphasized that the type, magnitude, and clinical variability of the defect would determine the success of the procedure.39
As confirmed by our case, the time factor seems to be crucial in determining biological behavior and clinical results in these patients. We suggest the following guidelines:
- When movement of a single tooth through regenerated bone is planned, the use of a resorbable graft is preferable.
- When a nonresorbable graft is used, orthodontic movement should be started early.
FOOTNOTES
- *Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland; www.geistlichpharma.com.
- **Invisalign, Align Technology, San Jose, CA; www.aligntech.com.
- ***American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI; www.americanortho.com.
- †Baxter AG, Opfikon, Switzerland; www.baxter.com.
Fig. 6 Seven years after treatment.
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DR. PERASSO -
DR. IMELIO -
DR. SCHIAFFINO
Dr. Perasso is in the private practice of orthodontics in Novi Ligure and Tortona, Italy; a Visiting Professor, School of Orthodontics, University of Trieste, Italy; and an Alexander Discipline Instructor. Dr. Imelio is in the private practice of prosthodontics in Tortona and Novi Ligure, Italy. Dr. Schiaffino is in the private practice of orthodontics in Tortona, Novi Ligure, Alessandria, Genova, and Torino, Corso Republica N 9/B, 15057 Tortona, Italy; e-mail: matteo.schiaffino@gmail.com.
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